Type Alias Result

pub type Result<T> = Result<T, Error>;

Convenient wrapper around std::Result.

Aliased Type

enum Result<T> {
    Ok(T),
    Err(Error),
}

Variants

Ok(T)

Contains the success value

Err(Error)

Contains the error value

Implementations

impl<T, E> Result<&T, E>

pub const fn copied(self) -> Result<T, E>

where T: Copy,

Maps a Result<&T, E> to a Result<T, E> by copying the contents of the Ok part.

Examples

let val = 12;
let x: Result<&i32, i32> = Ok(&val);
assert_eq!(x, Ok(&12));
let copied = x.copied();
assert_eq!(copied, Ok(12));

pub fn cloned(self) -> Result<T, E>

where T: Clone,

Maps a Result<&T, E> to a Result<T, E> by cloning the contents of the Ok part.

Examples

let val = 12;
let x: Result<&i32, i32> = Ok(&val);
assert_eq!(x, Ok(&12));
let cloned = x.cloned();
assert_eq!(cloned, Ok(12));

impl<T, E> Result<&mut T, E>

pub const fn copied(self) -> Result<T, E>

where T: Copy,

Maps a Result<&mut T, E> to a Result<T, E> by copying the contents of the Ok part.

Examples

let mut val = 12;
let x: Result<&mut i32, i32> = Ok(&mut val);
assert_eq!(x, Ok(&mut 12));
let copied = x.copied();
assert_eq!(copied, Ok(12));

pub fn cloned(self) -> Result<T, E>

where T: Clone,

Maps a Result<&mut T, E> to a Result<T, E> by cloning the contents of the Ok part.

Examples

let mut val = 12;
let x: Result<&mut i32, i32> = Ok(&mut val);
assert_eq!(x, Ok(&mut 12));
let cloned = x.cloned();
assert_eq!(cloned, Ok(12));

impl<T, E> Result<Option<T>, E>

pub const fn transpose(self) -> Option<Result<T, E>>

Transposes a Result of an Option into an Option of a Result.

Ok(None) will be mapped to None. Ok(Some(_)) and Err(_) will be mapped to Some(Ok(_)) and Some(Err(_)).

Examples

#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
struct SomeErr;

let x: Result<Option<i32>, SomeErr> = Ok(Some(5));
let y: Option<Result<i32, SomeErr>> = Some(Ok(5));
assert_eq!(x.transpose(), y);

impl<T, E> Result<Result<T, E>, E>

pub const fn flatten(self) -> Result<T, E>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (result_flattening)

Converts from Result<Result<T, E>, E> to Result<T, E>

Examples

#![feature(result_flattening)]
let x: Result<Result<&'static str, u32>, u32> = Ok(Ok("hello"));
assert_eq!(Ok("hello"), x.flatten());

let x: Result<Result<&'static str, u32>, u32> = Ok(Err(6));
assert_eq!(Err(6), x.flatten());

let x: Result<Result<&'static str, u32>, u32> = Err(6);
assert_eq!(Err(6), x.flatten());

Flattening only removes one level of nesting at a time:

#![feature(result_flattening)]
let x: Result<Result<Result<&'static str, u32>, u32>, u32> = Ok(Ok(Ok("hello")));
assert_eq!(Ok(Ok("hello")), x.flatten());
assert_eq!(Ok("hello"), x.flatten().flatten());

impl<T, E> Result<T, E>

pub const fn is_ok(&self) -> bool

Returns true if the result is Ok.

Examples

let x: Result<i32, &str> = Ok(-3);
assert_eq!(x.is_ok(), true);

let x: Result<i32, &str> = Err("Some error message");
assert_eq!(x.is_ok(), false);

pub fn is_ok_and(self, f: impl FnOnce(T) -> bool) -> bool

Returns true if the result is Ok and the value inside of it matches a predicate.

Examples

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(x.is_ok_and(|x| x > 1), true);

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(0);
assert_eq!(x.is_ok_and(|x| x > 1), false);

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("hey");
assert_eq!(x.is_ok_and(|x| x > 1), false);

let x: Result<String, &str> = Ok("ownership".to_string());
assert_eq!(x.as_ref().is_ok_and(|x| x.len() > 1), true);
println!("still alive {:?}", x);

pub const fn is_err(&self) -> bool

Returns true if the result is Err.

Examples

let x: Result<i32, &str> = Ok(-3);
assert_eq!(x.is_err(), false);

let x: Result<i32, &str> = Err("Some error message");
assert_eq!(x.is_err(), true);

pub fn is_err_and(self, f: impl FnOnce(E) -> bool) -> bool

Returns true if the result is Err and the value inside of it matches a predicate.

Examples

use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind};

let x: Result<u32, Error> = Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::NotFound, "!"));
assert_eq!(x.is_err_and(|x| x.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound), true);

let x: Result<u32, Error> = Err(Error::new(ErrorKind::PermissionDenied, "!"));
assert_eq!(x.is_err_and(|x| x.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound), false);

let x: Result<u32, Error> = Ok(123);
assert_eq!(x.is_err_and(|x| x.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound), false);

let x: Result<u32, String> = Err("ownership".to_string());
assert_eq!(x.as_ref().is_err_and(|x| x.len() > 1), true);
println!("still alive {:?}", x);

pub fn ok(self) -> Option<T>

Converts from Result<T, E> to Option<T>.

Converts self into an Option<T>, consuming self, and discarding the error, if any.

Examples

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(x.ok(), Some(2));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("Nothing here");
assert_eq!(x.ok(), None);

pub fn err(self) -> Option<E>

Converts from Result<T, E> to Option<E>.

Converts self into an Option<E>, consuming self, and discarding the success value, if any.

Examples

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(x.err(), None);

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("Nothing here");
assert_eq!(x.err(), Some("Nothing here"));

pub const fn as_ref(&self) -> Result<&T, &E>

Converts from &Result<T, E> to Result<&T, &E>.

Produces a new Result, containing a reference into the original, leaving the original in place.

Examples

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(x.as_ref(), Ok(&2));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("Error");
assert_eq!(x.as_ref(), Err(&"Error"));

pub const fn as_mut(&mut self) -> Result<&mut T, &mut E>

Converts from &mut Result<T, E> to Result<&mut T, &mut E>.

Examples

fn mutate(r: &mut Result<i32, i32>) {
    match r.as_mut() {
        Ok(v) => *v = 42,
        Err(e) => *e = 0,
    }
}

let mut x: Result<i32, i32> = Ok(2);
mutate(&mut x);
assert_eq!(x.unwrap(), 42);

let mut x: Result<i32, i32> = Err(13);
mutate(&mut x);
assert_eq!(x.unwrap_err(), 0);

pub fn map<U, F>(self, op: F) -> Result<U, E>

where F: FnOnce(T) -> U,

Maps a Result<T, E> to Result<U, E> by applying a function to a contained Ok value, leaving an Err value untouched.

This function can be used to compose the results of two functions.

Examples

Print the numbers on each line of a string multiplied by two.

let line = "1\n2\n3\n4\n";

for num in line.lines() {
    match num.parse::<i32>().map(|i| i * 2) {
        Ok(n) => println!("{n}"),
        Err(..) => {}
    }
}

pub fn map_or<U, F>(self, default: U, f: F) -> U

where F: FnOnce(T) -> U,

Returns the provided default (if Err), or applies a function to the contained value (if Ok).

Arguments passed to map_or are eagerly evaluated; if you are passing the result of a function call, it is recommended to use map_or_else, which is lazily evaluated.

Examples

let x: Result<_, &str> = Ok("foo");
assert_eq!(x.map_or(42, |v| v.len()), 3);

let x: Result<&str, _> = Err("bar");
assert_eq!(x.map_or(42, |v| v.len()), 42);

pub fn map_or_else<U, D, F>(self, default: D, f: F) -> U

where D: FnOnce(E) -> U, F: FnOnce(T) -> U,

Maps a Result<T, E> to U by applying fallback function default to a contained Err value, or function f to a contained Ok value.

This function can be used to unpack a successful result while handling an error.

Examples

let k = 21;

let x : Result<_, &str> = Ok("foo");
assert_eq!(x.map_or_else(|e| k * 2, |v| v.len()), 3);

let x : Result<&str, _> = Err("bar");
assert_eq!(x.map_or_else(|e| k * 2, |v| v.len()), 42);

pub fn map_err<F, O>(self, op: O) -> Result<T, F>

where O: FnOnce(E) -> F,

Maps a Result<T, E> to Result<T, F> by applying a function to a contained Err value, leaving an Ok value untouched.

This function can be used to pass through a successful result while handling an error.

Examples

fn stringify(x: u32) -> String { format!("error code: {x}") }

let x: Result<u32, u32> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(x.map_err(stringify), Ok(2));

let x: Result<u32, u32> = Err(13);
assert_eq!(x.map_err(stringify), Err("error code: 13".to_string()));

pub fn inspect<F>(self, f: F) -> Result<T, E>

where F: FnOnce(&T),

Calls a function with a reference to the contained value if Ok.

Returns the original result.

Examples

let x: u8 = "4"
    .parse::<u8>()
    .inspect(|x| println!("original: {x}"))
    .map(|x| x.pow(3))
    .expect("failed to parse number");

pub fn inspect_err<F>(self, f: F) -> Result<T, E>

where F: FnOnce(&E),

Calls a function with a reference to the contained value if Err.

Returns the original result.

Examples

use std::{fs, io};

fn read() -> io::Result<String> {
    fs::read_to_string("address.txt")
        .inspect_err(|e| eprintln!("failed to read file: {e}"))
}

pub fn as_deref(&self) -> Result<&<T as Deref>::Target, &E>

where T: Deref,

Converts from Result<T, E> (or &Result<T, E>) to Result<&<T as Deref>::Target, &E>.

Coerces the Ok variant of the original Result via Deref and returns the new Result.

Examples

let x: Result<String, u32> = Ok("hello".to_string());
let y: Result<&str, &u32> = Ok("hello");
assert_eq!(x.as_deref(), y);

let x: Result<String, u32> = Err(42);
let y: Result<&str, &u32> = Err(&42);
assert_eq!(x.as_deref(), y);

pub fn as_deref_mut(&mut self) -> Result<&mut <T as Deref>::Target, &mut E>

where T: DerefMut,

Converts from Result<T, E> (or &mut Result<T, E>) to Result<&mut <T as DerefMut>::Target, &mut E>.

Coerces the Ok variant of the original Result via DerefMut and returns the new Result.

Examples

let mut s = "HELLO".to_string();
let mut x: Result<String, u32> = Ok("hello".to_string());
let y: Result<&mut str, &mut u32> = Ok(&mut s);
assert_eq!(x.as_deref_mut().map(|x| { x.make_ascii_uppercase(); x }), y);

let mut i = 42;
let mut x: Result<String, u32> = Err(42);
let y: Result<&mut str, &mut u32> = Err(&mut i);
assert_eq!(x.as_deref_mut().map(|x| { x.make_ascii_uppercase(); x }), y);

pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over the possibly contained value.

The iterator yields one value if the result is Result::Ok, otherwise none.

Examples

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(7);
assert_eq!(x.iter().next(), Some(&7));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("nothing!");
assert_eq!(x.iter().next(), None);

pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> IterMut<'_, T>

Returns a mutable iterator over the possibly contained value.

The iterator yields one value if the result is Result::Ok, otherwise none.

Examples

let mut x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(7);
match x.iter_mut().next() {
    Some(v) => *v = 40,
    None => {},
}
assert_eq!(x, Ok(40));

let mut x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("nothing!");
assert_eq!(x.iter_mut().next(), None);

pub fn expect(self, msg: &str) -> T

where E: Debug,

Returns the contained Ok value, consuming the self value.

Because this function may panic, its use is generally discouraged. Instead, prefer to use pattern matching and handle the Err case explicitly, or call unwrap_or, unwrap_or_else, or unwrap_or_default.

Panics

Panics if the value is an Err, with a panic message including the passed message, and the content of the Err.

Examples

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("emergency failure");
x.expect("Testing expect"); // panics with `Testing expect: emergency failure`

Recommended Message Style

We recommend that expect messages are used to describe the reason you expect the Result should be Ok.

let path = std::env::var("IMPORTANT_PATH")
    .expect("env variable `IMPORTANT_PATH` should be set by `wrapper_script.sh`");

Hint: If you’re having trouble remembering how to phrase expect error messages remember to focus on the word “should” as in “env variable should be set by blah” or “the given binary should be available and executable by the current user”.

For more detail on expect message styles and the reasoning behind our recommendation please refer to the section on “Common Message Styles” in the std::error module docs.

pub fn unwrap(self) -> T

where E: Debug,

Returns the contained Ok value, consuming the self value.

Because this function may panic, its use is generally discouraged. Panics are meant for unrecoverable errors, and may abort the entire program.

Instead, prefer to use the ? (try) operator, or pattern matching to handle the Err case explicitly, or call unwrap_or, unwrap_or_else, or unwrap_or_default.

Panics

Panics if the value is an Err, with a panic message provided by the Err’s value.

Examples

Basic usage:

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(x.unwrap(), 2);

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("emergency failure");
x.unwrap(); // panics with `emergency failure`

pub fn unwrap_or_default(self) -> T

where T: Default,

Returns the contained Ok value or a default

Consumes the self argument then, if Ok, returns the contained value, otherwise if Err, returns the default value for that type.

Examples

Converts a string to an integer, turning poorly-formed strings into 0 (the default value for integers). parse converts a string to any other type that implements FromStr, returning an Err on error.

let good_year_from_input = "1909";
let bad_year_from_input = "190blarg";
let good_year = good_year_from_input.parse().unwrap_or_default();
let bad_year = bad_year_from_input.parse().unwrap_or_default();

assert_eq!(1909, good_year);
assert_eq!(0, bad_year);

pub fn expect_err(self, msg: &str) -> E

where T: Debug,

Returns the contained Err value, consuming the self value.

Panics

Panics if the value is an Ok, with a panic message including the passed message, and the content of the Ok.

Examples

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(10);
x.expect_err("Testing expect_err"); // panics with `Testing expect_err: 10`

pub fn unwrap_err(self) -> E

where T: Debug,

Returns the contained Err value, consuming the self value.

Panics

Panics if the value is an Ok, with a custom panic message provided by the Ok’s value.

Examples

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
x.unwrap_err(); // panics with `2`

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("emergency failure");
assert_eq!(x.unwrap_err(), "emergency failure");

pub fn into_ok(self) -> T

where E: Into<!>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (unwrap_infallible)

Returns the contained Ok value, but never panics.

Unlike unwrap, this method is known to never panic on the result types it is implemented for. Therefore, it can be used instead of unwrap as a maintainability safeguard that will fail to compile if the error type of the Result is later changed to an error that can actually occur.

Examples

fn only_good_news() -> Result<String, !> {
    Ok("this is fine".into())
}

let s: String = only_good_news().into_ok();
println!("{s}");

pub fn into_err(self) -> E

where T: Into<!>,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (unwrap_infallible)

Returns the contained Err value, but never panics.

Unlike unwrap_err, this method is known to never panic on the result types it is implemented for. Therefore, it can be used instead of unwrap_err as a maintainability safeguard that will fail to compile if the ok type of the Result is later changed to a type that can actually occur.

Examples

fn only_bad_news() -> Result<!, String> {
    Err("Oops, it failed".into())
}

let error: String = only_bad_news().into_err();
println!("{error}");

pub fn and<U>(self, res: Result<U, E>) -> Result<U, E>

Returns res if the result is Ok, otherwise returns the Err value of self.

Arguments passed to and are eagerly evaluated; if you are passing the result of a function call, it is recommended to use and_then, which is lazily evaluated.

Examples

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
let y: Result<&str, &str> = Err("late error");
assert_eq!(x.and(y), Err("late error"));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("early error");
let y: Result<&str, &str> = Ok("foo");
assert_eq!(x.and(y), Err("early error"));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("not a 2");
let y: Result<&str, &str> = Err("late error");
assert_eq!(x.and(y), Err("not a 2"));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
let y: Result<&str, &str> = Ok("different result type");
assert_eq!(x.and(y), Ok("different result type"));

pub fn and_then<U, F>(self, op: F) -> Result<U, E>

where F: FnOnce(T) -> Result<U, E>,

Calls op if the result is Ok, otherwise returns the Err value of self.

This function can be used for control flow based on Result values.

Examples

fn sq_then_to_string(x: u32) -> Result<String, &'static str> {
    x.checked_mul(x).map(|sq| sq.to_string()).ok_or("overflowed")
}

assert_eq!(Ok(2).and_then(sq_then_to_string), Ok(4.to_string()));
assert_eq!(Ok(1_000_000).and_then(sq_then_to_string), Err("overflowed"));
assert_eq!(Err("not a number").and_then(sq_then_to_string), Err("not a number"));

Often used to chain fallible operations that may return Err.

use std::{io::ErrorKind, path::Path};

// Note: on Windows "/" maps to "C:\"
let root_modified_time = Path::new("/").metadata().and_then(|md| md.modified());
assert!(root_modified_time.is_ok());

let should_fail = Path::new("/bad/path").metadata().and_then(|md| md.modified());
assert!(should_fail.is_err());
assert_eq!(should_fail.unwrap_err().kind(), ErrorKind::NotFound);

pub fn or<F>(self, res: Result<T, F>) -> Result<T, F>

Returns res if the result is Err, otherwise returns the Ok value of self.

Arguments passed to or are eagerly evaluated; if you are passing the result of a function call, it is recommended to use or_else, which is lazily evaluated.

Examples

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
let y: Result<u32, &str> = Err("late error");
assert_eq!(x.or(y), Ok(2));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("early error");
let y: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(x.or(y), Ok(2));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("not a 2");
let y: Result<u32, &str> = Err("late error");
assert_eq!(x.or(y), Err("late error"));

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
let y: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(100);
assert_eq!(x.or(y), Ok(2));

pub fn or_else<F, O>(self, op: O) -> Result<T, F>

where O: FnOnce(E) -> Result<T, F>,

Calls op if the result is Err, otherwise returns the Ok value of self.

This function can be used for control flow based on result values.

Examples

fn sq(x: u32) -> Result<u32, u32> { Ok(x * x) }
fn err(x: u32) -> Result<u32, u32> { Err(x) }

assert_eq!(Ok(2).or_else(sq).or_else(sq), Ok(2));
assert_eq!(Ok(2).or_else(err).or_else(sq), Ok(2));
assert_eq!(Err(3).or_else(sq).or_else(err), Ok(9));
assert_eq!(Err(3).or_else(err).or_else(err), Err(3));

pub fn unwrap_or(self, default: T) -> T

Returns the contained Ok value or a provided default.

Arguments passed to unwrap_or are eagerly evaluated; if you are passing the result of a function call, it is recommended to use unwrap_or_else, which is lazily evaluated.

Examples

let default = 2;
let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(9);
assert_eq!(x.unwrap_or(default), 9);

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("error");
assert_eq!(x.unwrap_or(default), default);

pub fn unwrap_or_else<F>(self, op: F) -> T

where F: FnOnce(E) -> T,

Returns the contained Ok value or computes it from a closure.

Examples

fn count(x: &str) -> usize { x.len() }

assert_eq!(Ok(2).unwrap_or_else(count), 2);
assert_eq!(Err("foo").unwrap_or_else(count), 3);

pub unsafe fn unwrap_unchecked(self) -> T

Returns the contained Ok value, consuming the self value, without checking that the value is not an Err.

Safety

Calling this method on an Err is undefined behavior.

Examples

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
assert_eq!(unsafe { x.unwrap_unchecked() }, 2);

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("emergency failure");
unsafe { x.unwrap_unchecked(); } // Undefined behavior!

pub unsafe fn unwrap_err_unchecked(self) -> E

Returns the contained Err value, consuming the self value, without checking that the value is not an Ok.

Safety

Calling this method on an Ok is undefined behavior.

Examples

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(2);
unsafe { x.unwrap_err_unchecked() }; // Undefined behavior!

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("emergency failure");
assert_eq!(unsafe { x.unwrap_err_unchecked() }, "emergency failure");

Trait Implementations

impl<T, E> Clone for Result<T, E>

where T: Clone, E: Clone,

fn clone(&self) -> Result<T, E>

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Result<T, E>)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl<T, E> Debug for Result<T, E>

where T: Debug, E: Debug,

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<'de, T, E> Deserialize<'de> for Result<T, E>

where T: Deserialize<'de>, E: Deserialize<'de>,

fn deserialize<D>( deserializer: D, ) -> Result<Result<T, E>, <D as Deserializer<'de>>::Error>

where D: Deserializer<'de>,

Deserialize this value from the given Serde deserializer.

impl<L, R> From<Either<L, R>> for Result<R, L>

Convert from Either to Result with Right => Ok and Left => Err.

fn from(val: Either<L, R>) -> Result<R, L>

Converts to this type from the input type.

impl<'r, T> FromData<'r> for Result<T, <T as FromData<'r>>::Error>

where T: FromData<'r> + 'r,

type Error = Infallible

The associated error to be returned when the guard fails.

fn from_data<'life0, 'async_trait>( req: &'r Request<'life0>, data: Data<'r>, ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Outcome<Result<T, <T as FromData<'r>>::Error>, (Status, <Result<T, <T as FromData<'r>>::Error> as FromData<'r>>::Error), (Data<'r>, Status)>> + Send + 'async_trait>>

where 'r: 'async_trait, 'life0: 'async_trait, Result<T, <T as FromData<'r>>::Error>: 'async_trait,

Asynchronously validates, parses, and converts an instance of Self from the incoming request body data.

impl<A, E, V> FromIterator<Result<A, E>> for Result<V, E>

where V: FromIterator<A>,

fn from_iter<I>(iter: I) -> Result<V, E>

where I: IntoIterator<Item = Result<A, E>>,

Takes each element in the Iterator: if it is an Err, no further elements are taken, and the Err is returned. Should no Err occur, a container with the values of each Result is returned.

Here is an example which increments every integer in a vector, checking for overflow:

let v = vec![1, 2];
let res: Result<Vec<u32>, &'static str> = v.iter().map(|x: &u32|
    x.checked_add(1).ok_or("Overflow!")
).collect();
assert_eq!(res, Ok(vec![2, 3]));

Here is another example that tries to subtract one from another list of integers, this time checking for underflow:

let v = vec![1, 2, 0];
let res: Result<Vec<u32>, &'static str> = v.iter().map(|x: &u32|
    x.checked_sub(1).ok_or("Underflow!")
).collect();
assert_eq!(res, Err("Underflow!"));

Here is a variation on the previous example, showing that no further elements are taken from iter after the first Err.

let v = vec![3, 2, 1, 10];
let mut shared = 0;
let res: Result<Vec<u32>, &'static str> = v.iter().map(|x: &u32| {
    shared += x;
    x.checked_sub(2).ok_or("Underflow!")
}).collect();
assert_eq!(res, Err("Underflow!"));
assert_eq!(shared, 6);

Since the third element caused an underflow, no further elements were taken, so the final value of shared is 6 (= 3 + 2 + 1), not 16.

impl<'a, T> FromParam<'a> for Result<T, <T as FromParam<'a>>::Error>

where T: FromParam<'a>,

type Error = Infallible

The associated error to be returned if parsing/validation fails.

fn from_param( param: &'a str, ) -> Result<Result<T, <T as FromParam<'a>>::Error>, <Result<T, <T as FromParam<'a>>::Error> as FromParam<'a>>::Error>

Parses and validates an instance of Self from a path parameter string or returns an Error if parsing or validation fails.

impl<'r, T> FromRequest<'r> for Result<T, <T as FromRequest<'r>>::Error>

where T: FromRequest<'r>,

type Error = Infallible

The associated error to be returned if derivation fails.

fn from_request<'life0, 'async_trait>( request: &'r Request<'life0>, ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Outcome<Result<T, <T as FromRequest<'r>>::Error>, (Status, Infallible), Status>> + Send + 'async_trait>>

where 'r: 'async_trait, 'life0: 'async_trait, Result<T, <T as FromRequest<'r>>::Error>: 'async_trait,

Derives an instance of Self from the incoming request metadata.

impl<T, E, F> FromResidual<Result<Infallible, E>> for Result<T, F>

where F: From<E>,

fn from_residual(residual: Result<Infallible, E>) -> Result<T, F>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (try_trait_v2)

Constructs the type from a compatible Residual type.

impl<T, E, F> FromResidual<Yeet<E>> for Result<T, F>

where F: From<E>,

fn from_residual(_: Yeet<E>) -> Result<T, F>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (try_trait_v2)

Constructs the type from a compatible Residual type.

impl<'r, T> FromSegments<'r> for Result<T, <T as FromSegments<'r>>::Error>

where T: FromSegments<'r>,

type Error = Infallible

The associated error to be returned when parsing fails.

fn from_segments( segments: Segments<'r, Path>, ) -> Result<Result<T, <T as FromSegments<'r>>::Error>, <Result<T, <T as FromSegments<'r>>::Error> as FromSegments<'r>>::Error>

Parses an instance of Self from many dynamic path parameter strings or returns an Error if one cannot be parsed.

impl<A, E, T> FromUriParam<Path, A> for Result<T, E>

where T: FromUriParam<Path, A>,

A no cost conversion allowing T to be used in place of an Result<T, E>.

type Target = <T as FromUriParam<Path, A>>::Target

The resulting type of this conversion.

fn from_uri_param(param: A) -> <Result<T, E> as FromUriParam<Path, A>>::Target

Converts a value of type T into a value of type Self::Target. The resulting value of type Self::Target will be rendered into a URI using its [UriDisplay] implementation.

impl<A, E, T> FromUriParam<Query, Option<A>> for Result<T, E>

where T: FromUriParam<Query, A>,

type Target = Option<<T as FromUriParam<Query, A>>::Target>

The resulting type of this conversion.

fn from_uri_param( param: Option<A>, ) -> <Result<T, E> as FromUriParam<Query, Option<A>>>::Target

Converts a value of type T into a value of type Self::Target. The resulting value of type Self::Target will be rendered into a URI using its [UriDisplay] implementation.

impl<A, E, T> FromUriParam<Query, Result<A, E>> for Result<T, E>

where T: FromUriParam<Query, A>,

type Target = Result<<T as FromUriParam<Query, A>>::Target, E>

The resulting type of this conversion.

fn from_uri_param( param: Result<A, E>, ) -> <Result<T, E> as FromUriParam<Query, Result<A, E>>>::Target

Converts a value of type T into a value of type Self::Target. The resulting value of type Self::Target will be rendered into a URI using its [UriDisplay] implementation.

impl<T, E> Hash for Result<T, E>

where T: Hash, E: Hash,

fn hash<__H>(&self, state: &mut __H)

where __H: Hasher,

Feeds this value into the given Hasher.

fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H)

where H: Hasher, Self: Sized,

Feeds a slice of this type into the given Hasher.

impl<T, E> IntoIterator for Result<T, E>

fn into_iter(self) -> IntoIter<T>

Returns a consuming iterator over the possibly contained value.

The iterator yields one value if the result is Result::Ok, otherwise none.

Examples

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Ok(5);
let v: Vec<u32> = x.into_iter().collect();
assert_eq!(v, [5]);

let x: Result<u32, &str> = Err("nothing!");
let v: Vec<u32> = x.into_iter().collect();
assert_eq!(v, []);

type Item = T

The type of the elements being iterated over.

type IntoIter = IntoIter<T>

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?

impl<S, E> IntoOutcome<Outcome<S, (Status, E), Status>> for Result<S, E>

type Error = Status

The type to use when returning an Outcome::Error.

type Forward = Status

The type to use when returning an Outcome::Forward.

fn or_error(self, error: Status) -> Outcome<S, (Status, E), Status>

Converts self into an Outcome. If self represents a success, an Outcome::Success is returned. Otherwise, an Outcome::Error is returned with error as the inner value.

fn or_forward(self, status: Status) -> Outcome<S, (Status, E), Status>

Converts self into an Outcome. If self represents a success, an Outcome::Success is returned. Otherwise, an Outcome::Forward is returned with forward as the inner value.

impl<'r, T> IntoOutcome<Outcome<T, (Status, <T as FromData<'r>>::Error), (Data<'r>, Status)>> for Result<T, <T as FromData<'r>>::Error>

where T: FromData<'r>,

type Error = Status

The type to use when returning an Outcome::Error.

type Forward = (Data<'r>, Status)

The type to use when returning an Outcome::Forward.

fn or_error( self, error: Status, ) -> Outcome<T, (Status, <T as FromData<'r>>::Error), (Data<'r>, Status)>

Converts self into an Outcome. If self represents a success, an Outcome::Success is returned. Otherwise, an Outcome::Error is returned with error as the inner value.

fn or_forward( self, _: (Data<'r>, Status), ) -> Outcome<T, (Status, <T as FromData<'r>>::Error), (Data<'r>, Status)>

Converts self into an Outcome. If self represents a success, an Outcome::Success is returned. Otherwise, an Outcome::Forward is returned with forward as the inner value.

impl<T, E> Ord for Result<T, E>

where T: Ord, E: Ord,

fn cmp(&self, other: &Result<T, E>) -> Ordering

This method returns an Ordering between self and other.

fn max(self, other: Self) -> Self

where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the maximum of two values.

fn min(self, other: Self) -> Self

where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the minimum of two values.

fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Self

where Self: Sized,

Restrict a value to a certain interval.

impl<T, E> PartialEq for Result<T, E>

where T: PartialEq, E: PartialEq,

fn eq(&self, other: &Result<T, E>) -> bool

Tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl<T, E> PartialOrd for Result<T, E>

where T: PartialOrd, E: PartialOrd,

fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Result<T, E>) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists.

fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator.

fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator.

fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator.

fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator.

impl<T, U, E> Product<Result<U, E>> for Result<T, E>

where T: Product<U>,

fn product<I>(iter: I) -> Result<T, E>

where I: Iterator<Item = Result<U, E>>,

Takes each element in the Iterator: if it is an Err, no further elements are taken, and the Err is returned. Should no Err occur, the product of all elements is returned.

Examples

This multiplies each number in a vector of strings, if a string could not be parsed the operation returns Err:

let nums = vec!["5", "10", "1", "2"];
let total: Result<usize, _> = nums.iter().map(|w| w.parse::<usize>()).product();
assert_eq!(total, Ok(100));
let nums = vec!["5", "10", "one", "2"];
let total: Result<usize, _> = nums.iter().map(|w| w.parse::<usize>()).product();
assert!(total.is_err());

impl<T, E> Residual<T> for Result<Infallible, E>

type TryType = Result<T, E>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (try_trait_v2_residual)

The “return” type of this meta-function.

impl<'r, 'o, 't, 'e, T, E> Responder<'r, 'o> for Result<T, E>

where 'o: 'r, 't: 'o, 'e: 'o, T: Responder<'r, 't>, E: Responder<'r, 'e>,

Responds with the wrapped Responder in self, whether it is Ok or Err.

fn respond_to(self, req: &'r Request<'_>) -> Result<Response<'o>, Status>

Returns Ok if a Response could be generated successfully. Otherwise, returns an Err with a failing Status.

impl<T, E> Sentinel for Result<T, E>

where T: Sentinel, E: Sentinel,

fn abort(rocket: &Rocket<Ignite>) -> bool

Returns true if launch should be aborted and false otherwise.

impl<T, E> Serialize for Result<T, E>

where T: Serialize, E: Serialize,

fn serialize<S>( &self, serializer: S, ) -> Result<<S as Serializer>::Ok, <S as Serializer>::Error>

where S: Serializer,

Serialize this value into the given Serde serializer.

impl<T, U, E> Sum<Result<U, E>> for Result<T, E>

where T: Sum<U>,

fn sum<I>(iter: I) -> Result<T, E>

where I: Iterator<Item = Result<U, E>>,

Takes each element in the Iterator: if it is an Err, no further elements are taken, and the Err is returned. Should no Err occur, the sum of all elements is returned.

Examples

This sums up every integer in a vector, rejecting the sum if a negative element is encountered:

let f = |&x: &i32| if x < 0 { Err("Negative element found") } else { Ok(x) };
let v = vec![1, 2];
let res: Result<i32, _> = v.iter().map(f).sum();
assert_eq!(res, Ok(3));
let v = vec![1, -2];
let res: Result<i32, _> = v.iter().map(f).sum();
assert_eq!(res, Err("Negative element found"));

impl<T, E> Termination for Result<T, E>

where T: Termination, E: Debug,

fn report(self) -> ExitCode

Is called to get the representation of the value as status code. This status code is returned to the operating system.

impl<T, E> Try for Result<T, E>

type Output = T

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (try_trait_v2)

The type of the value produced by ? when not short-circuiting.

type Residual = Result<Infallible, E>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (try_trait_v2)

The type of the value passed to FromResidual::from_residual as part of ? when short-circuiting.

fn from_output(output: <Result<T, E> as Try>::Output) -> Result<T, E>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (try_trait_v2)

Constructs the type from its Output type.

fn branch( self, ) -> ControlFlow<<Result<T, E> as Try>::Residual, <Result<T, E> as Try>::Output>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (try_trait_v2)

Used in ? to decide whether the operator should produce a value (because this returned ControlFlow::Continue) or propagate a value back to the caller (because this returned ControlFlow::Break).

impl<T, E> UriDisplay<Query> for Result<T, E>

where T: UriDisplay<Query>,

Defers to the UriDisplay<Query> implementation for T.

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_, Query>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats self in a URI-safe manner using the given formatter.

impl<T, E> Copy for Result<T, E>

where T: Copy, E: Copy,

impl<T, E> Eq for Result<T, E>

where T: Eq, E: Eq,

impl<T, U, E> FromStream<Result<T, E>> for Result<U, E>

where U: FromStream<T>,

impl<T, E> Ignorable<Query> for Result<T, E>

impl<T, E> StructuralPartialEq for Result<T, E>

impl<T, E> UseCloned for Result<T, E>

where T: UseCloned, E: UseCloned,